Beowulf An Anglo Saxon Epic Hero - 957 Words

Beowulf possessed the character of an Anglo-Saxon epic hero for many reasons. Not only was he the central character in the epic Beowulf, but he was a larger-than-life figure. He proved that by the way he fought and put his courage, skill, and virtue against his enemies. Beowulf was brave beyond compare, had superhuman strength, and a desire to find success in what he did. He was a young warrior with a good reputation who battled against an evil demon, Grendel, and later his mother, for the Danes. He put his own life in danger for the greater good. Some more of his qualities include loyalty, wisdom and fortitude, and physical strength. Beowulf’s larger-than-life-figure mostly came from his physical strength. He was able to battle his enemies with only his bare hands, at will. Even Grendel, who was a very powerful evil demon, and his mother also. No other man had stood a chance against Grendel in the Danes’ land, even with the finest weapons and the strongest of their men. When Beowulf announced he would kill Grendel with his bare hands, it was hard for the king, Hrothgar, to believe or understand. Nonetheless, he allowed Beowulf to aid him and his people. Beowulf then had the pressure of having to prove himself to the Danes. Beowulf, just like all Anglo-Saxon epic heros, was willing to put his own life in danger for the greater good. He displayed honor in his every act and gave people a sense of security. Although he may have been afraid of fighting Grendel, he did notShow MoreRelatedComparing Beowulf, An Anglo Saxon Epic Hero1292 Words   |  6 PagesIn life the courageous hero has forever stood as a standard of whom we should be and who we wish to be. In the story of Beowulf, an Anglo-Saxon epic the hero is one that is easy to understand, Beowulf fights monsters he is loyal to his Lord and shows very strong and powerful leadership skills. Beowulf is the perfect Anglo-Saxon epic hero who displays courage, bravery, and strength during his battles against evil. Beowulf can be viewed as the standard courageous hero. In this story courage is viewedRead MoreComparing Beowulf, The Wanderer, And The 13th Warrior1731 Words   |  7 Pagesalways reappears is What is an epic hero? Or better yet an epic hero in Anglo Saxon culture. I believe there is more to being a hero than just being strong or intelligent. An epic hero in my eyes is oneself who comes to portray the beliefs of the society in which the tale/story is depicted. A few great examples of the Anglo Saxon epic hero are the literary characters in Beowulf, The Wanderer, and The 13th Warrior. These are all outstanding examples of Anglo-Saxon epic heroes because they all cameRead MoreAnalysis Of Beowulf As A Heroic Epic779 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"A hero is somebody who voluntarily walks into the unknown†. Stories about such heroes have been told for centuries. In fact, heroistic ideals are sometimes the basis of a society. The Anglo-Saxon people are a prime example of the previous statement. In Anglo-Saxon culture, being called a hero was an honor. Heroes were treated like kings. One of the most popular hero stories that bled into Anglo-Saxon life was the heroic epic of Beowulf. Beowulf was the perfect example of an Angl o-Saxon hero as heRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero930 Words   |  4 Pages The story of Beowulf shows its reader many characteristics of why this Anglo-Saxon poem is an epic. First of all, Beowulf is a warrior of epic renown by the time he formally introduces himself in the poem. Next, Beowulf is the warrior that many strive to be in life. In addition, Beowulf finds himself tackling many quests that involve dangerous beasts, or as he might call them, demons. The next quality shown by Beowulf is his bravery and honor. The reader is able to easily identify this characteristicRead MoreAnglo Saxon Culture as Reflected in Beowulf Essay943 Words   |  4 PagesAnglo Saxon Culture as reflected in Beowulf Every culture has its own set of beliefs values and customs. Cultural beliefs, values, and assumptions are directly and indirectly acquired throughout a lifetime. A culture is the sum of a group’s way of life and this is no different with the ancient Anglo Saxon culture. Cultures usually have distinct figures that reflect their culture as a whole. The importance of religion, values, and heroes are reflected a great deal in the epic poem of BeowulfRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero894 Words   |  4 Pagescharacter of Beowulf demonstrates several characteristics that make a great epic hero. Throughout his lifetime he displayed several characteristics such as honor, bravery, physical superiority, leadership, and glory. These characteristics all formed how the Anglo-Saxons believed one should live their life. Along with the valorous deeds that Beowulf accomplished he is considered to be a prime example of an epic hero. Beowulf would have even been considered a model hu man to the Anglo-Saxons due to howRead MoreThe Epic Of Beowulf By William Shakespeare977 Words   |  4 Pageslooking at a culture’s epic tales and heroes one can get an insight to the culture’s values and traits that are noble to them. Beowulf, as an epic hero, is a direct representation of the ideal man as seen through Anglo-Saxon eyes. In looking at the poem Beowulf and analyzing the characteristics of the epic hero, it will become evident the desired attributes that were desired in the Anglo-Saxon culture: physical strength, pride, bravery, selflessness, and loyalty. An epic hero is a person thatRead MoreBeowulf : An Epic Hero978 Words   |  4 PagesBeowulf is a character that exudes the qualities of an epic hero. Throughout this epic, Beowulf is seen as a hero to many and a major threat to the evils he encounters. The values of the Anglo-Saxons, who would have read and admired this poem, included loyalty, bravery, and honor. Beowulf’s character exemplifies all of these qualities to the highest degree. The values and traditions of the original composers of this story cause Beowulf’s character to be the perfect example of an Anglo-Saxon epicRead MoreBeowulf: An Analysis1615 Words   |  7 Pages11/26/10 Beowulf Anglo Saxons are Germanic people that lived during the 5th and 6th centuries. This early Anglo-Saxon society was centered on families and clans. The earliest Saxon settlers and families in England were pagans who worshipped a number of gods. Although Anglo Saxons had unalterable beliefs, Christians eventually purveyed their religion upon the pagans. However, the ideals of paganism still perpetuate through the most prominent epic poem of this era called Beowulf. Beowulf embodiesRead More Epic of Beowulf Essay1033 Words   |  5 Pages The epic poem, Beowulf, is one of the oldest European epics in existence. When Beowulf was written, the writer incorporated many of the ideals of the Anglo-Saxons. Some of these ideals included loyalty, bravery, selflessness, and justice and were demonstrated in the hero. Both the characters Beowulf and Grendel represent aspects of both good and evil, Christianity and Paganism, and what occurs when they collide with one another. A characteristic o f an epic poem is the concern over struggles that

The Woman Warrior Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts by Hong Kingston Book Report/Review

Essays on The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts by Hong Kingston Book Report/Review The paper "The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts by Hong Kingston" is a good example of a book report on literature. The book, The Woman Warrior: Memoirs of a Girlhood Among Ghosts,by Hong Kingston, is divided into several sections with each section have uniques essays including ‘White Tigers’, ‘No Name Woman’, ‘At the Western Palace’, ‘Shaman’, and ‘A Song for a Barbarian Reed Pipe.’ Every essay gives some account of the author’s, Hong Kingston, experiences as he grew up in America as a Chinese America. This journal reading focuses on two of the essays, ‘White Tigers’, and ‘No Name Woman’ In the first essay, ‘No Name Woman,’ the author offers an account of her mother who took her own life back in China. She puts herself in her aunt’s shoes and ponders on the idea of how life was like for her aunt who is unknown and unnamed. The author imagines why the villagers behaved in the way they did and the different reasons as to why they acted so. It is so intriguing how the author put herself in her aunt’s shoes and imaged her different possible scenarios (Hong Kingston 13-19).In the second essay, ‘White Tigers’, the author gives a Chinese talk story, which is somewhat mythological, legendary, and fork tale of some sort. It gives an account of some famous women who did great, famous things and saved their countries. She gives an analogy of her aspirations of being like one of the great women she talks about in the stories, being chosen for greatness. She also tries to picture how oppressive the world could be in comparison to the aspira tions of greatness and glory (Hong Kingston 29-37).Discussion Questions1. What place do women have in traditional Chinese Society?2. What are some of the difficulties of a young woman growing up as a Chinese-American?

Mr. Patrick Brennan Free Essays

As Mr. Patrick Brennan is a very young business person and having better aspirations, it is not better for him to retain his establishment under the Proprietorship structure. Considering the growth shown in his business graph, I advice Mr. We will write a custom essay sample on Mr. Patrick Brennan or any similar topic only for you Order Now Brennan to get your organization incorporated as soon as possible. I hereby point out three general advantages that the corporate structure has over the proprietorship structure. (a) First of all, when a firm is incorporated it becomes a distinct legal entity. Its life commences from the date of incorporation. It enjoys all the legal privileges laid down by the respective countries. (b) Secondly, it acquires a perpetual succession. The members may come and go, but it goes on for ever, unless it is wound up. (c) Its property is not the property of the shareholders. The shareholders have a right to share in the profits of the company when realized and divided. Likewise, any liability of the company is not the liability of the individual shareholders. (2) A characteristic feature of corporate enterprise is the separation between ownership and management as a corollary of which the latter enjoys substantial autonomy in regard to the affairs of the firm. In the corporate structure shareholders are the owners of the enterprise and the management is the agent of the owners. The shareholders delegate the decision making authority to professional management on the premise that the latter will work in the interest of the former. In order to ensure that management would take optimal decisions compatible with the shareholders’ interests of value maximization, of course, they have to be paid incentives. Certainly, there may also arise agency problems in terms of conflicts of interests. Policies to mitigate the agency problems do, of course, involve cost. However, this is the price that the owners have to pay to harmonize the conflicting goals between them and the management of the enterprise. But, there is no need of worry Mr. Brennan because in order to minimize the agency problems and agency cost, you can arrange certain provision for appropriate incentives and for monitoring of agents. By auditing the financial statements and limiting decision making by the management you can easily monitor the agents and thereby reduce the agency costs. Part –B (1) COMPUTATION OF WEIGHTED AVERAGE COST OF CAPITAL How to cite Mr. Patrick Brennan, Papers

Lorraine Hansberry rejected the limitations of her Essay Example For Students

Lorraine Hansberry rejected the limitations of her Essay race and gender and through her written works, became a social activist and expanded the role of a black woman in America. Lorraine Hansberry wrote many works that allowed her to explain her views. She also explored these ideas through playwrights. Lorraine Hansberry was said to be a spearhead of the future. She was a woman who refused to be confined by the categories of race and gender (Tripp 3). Lorraine Hansberry was born in 1930. Both of her parents were activists challenging discrimination laws. Many famous black people frequently visited her home because of her parents authority (Tripp 2). Two of these famous black Americans that often visited Lorraines home were Paul Robeson and Langston Hughes. They were her shining light so to speak. Especially when it came time for her to find her own place in the New York literary world (Cheney 36). Paul Robeson provided great inspiration for Lorraines writings. On the other hand, Langston Hughes gave her a social consciousness of her poetic possibilities of her own race. He also gave her an appreciation of the black American culture. She had also learned from Hughes that in spite of obstacles, black people remained a powerful force in America (Cheney 46-53). Although the Hansberry family was comfortably settled as middle-class economic status, they were still subject to the racial segregation and discrimination characteristic of th e period, and they were most active in opposing it (Smith 147). Lorraines writing career was started in the area of magazines. She was writing for Paul Robesons Freedom magazine. At this time, Lorraine would always say, I was born black and female, these were the twin identities that would dominate her life and her work. This was her source of motivation, by retelling this statement to herself and the others around her. Another concern of hers was the human conditions as blacks experienced it. She spent much of her life making an effort to change these conditions (Cheney 140; Tripp 2). Lorraine Hansberrys first play was named, The Crystal Stair. It was named after a line in the Langston Hughes poem, Mother to Son. Lorraine later changed the title of her play to, A Raisin in the Sun. This was as well taken from one of Langston Hughes pieces, A Dream Deferred (Draper 951). Lorraines second play was named The Sign in Sidney Brusteins Window. This play never matched the success of her first play A Raisin in the Sun. This play did use a realistic format that was drawn from her own life (Magill, Great Women201). Lorraine wrote at least five plays. All of which revealed the depth of her concern for the black race and for all of the downtrodden races in America and abroad (Cheney 52). Lorraine Hansberry used a realistic style and had a stress on the possibilities for heroism. This stress for heroism within each of her characteristics had everything to do with the purpose that she saw in drama (Magill, Great Women200)The majority of Lorraines works were about the black family of her time. She showed many important characteristics in each piece. Some of which were the importance of African roots, the equality of women, and the vulnerability of marriage (Draper 953). The play The Crystal Stair, later changed to A Raisin in the Sun, was about a man with a plea for racial tolerance over the incentive society in his time (Draper 950). This was merely based on Lorraines childhood experiences of the disintegrating of white neighborhoods. It also portrayed slavery as uncontrollable and completely the work victimizing institutions designed to exploit cheaper labor. This play also focuses on the problem of what a family should do with $10,000 that a mother receives as an insurance payment after the death of her husband. Lorraine got the idea for that part of the play directly out of her own home, in the way that this was the same problem Lorraines mother faced at the time of her husbands death. (Magill, Gre4at Women200). Because the play explores a universal theme-the search for the freedom and better life- the majority of its first audience loved the work (Draper 951). A Raisin in the Sun won the award as the Best Play of the Year in the New York Drama Critics Circle Award. By winning this award, Lorraine opened the door for generations to come of black writers who were encouraged by her. She was the first black person as well as the first female to win this award (Tripp 2; Smith 151). .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .postImageUrl , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:hover , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:visited , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:active { border:0!important; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:active , .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7 .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u40cce66017dc27ba63da4b078b68ffc7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Fabric And Jewelery In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight EssayA moving testament to the strength and endurance of the human spirit, A Raisin in the Sun, is a quiet celebration of the black family, the importance of African roots, the equality of women, the vulnerability of marriage, the true value of money, the survival of the individual, and the nature of a mans dream (Cheney 53). Lorraine Hansberry used the success she gained from A Raisin in the Sun as a platform to speak out for the American Civil Rights Movement and for the African struggle to free itself from white rule. At this time the whites did not have total control, but felt they were superior to the blacks and other races. She helped raise money, gave impassioned speeches, and took part in panels and interviews to further causes (Tripp 3). Lorraine used her success in away that was useful to the society. Instead of taking the money she earned from her playwrights and keeping it for herself and family, she put it towards the Civil Rights Movements. She used her first play to make her a public figure and she used her new found fame to champion the causes of civil rights and African independence (Magill, Great Women200). Hansberry succeeded in her goal, which was in creating believable rounded black people. An early interview in the New York Times misquoted her as saying that A Raisin in the Sun, said not a Negro play, and that she was a writer who happened to be a Negro. This caused much commotion in the arts and her life until it was cleared as untrue (Smith 155). After Lorraine Hansberry wrote her few plays, she quickly took on the task of becoming an articulate spokesperson for black Americans in the struggles for civil rights. Lorraine was a well vocal critic of racial discrimination. She also spoke highly of sexual and class discrimination. These themes were the basis for most of her plays and her career (Draper 147). As the Civil Rights Movement intensified, she had the need to help out with anything she could. Hansberry helped plan fundraising events to support organizations such as Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC). She publicly agreed that Negroes should defend themselves against terrorist attacks when necessary (Smith 152). Lorraine never gave up her dedication to her work. She began having bad health problems. Although her health was in rapid decline, she greeted 19634 as a year of glorious work. Despite Hansberrys trips in and out of the hospital, she continued with the many projects on her writing schedule (Smith 153). One reporter noted that, The black experience creates a lot of stress, and . A form of cancer can evolve from emotional stress of racism. This was indeed to be the situation of Lorraine Hansberry (Cheney 31). Lorraine struggled to do speeches, but still attempted to remain involved in civil right activities. Lorraine Hansberry was very much both a black and female activist. In being this way, she felt she could do anything that a person with full respect and rights could do. Feeling this way, Lorraine began to claim her identity as a lesbian in a letter, to a lesbian periodical, The Ladder. At the time of her death, the fact that she was a lesbian was not widely known factor to the public, as well as the fact that she had divorced her husband (Tripp 3). Lorraine Hansberrys career was very brief. She died of cancer at the age of 34 years. Only two of her plays were produced in her lifetime, yet she did record some very impressive theatrical achievements. As mentioned earlier, she was the first black person, the youngest person, and the first woman to win the New York Drama Critics Award which was voted Best Play. Since Hansberry, no writer has captured the spectrum, depths, and heights of the black experiences as she did (Cheney 65). .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .postImageUrl , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:hover , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:visited , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:active { border:0!important; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:active , .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u47dec9ef683c8a961cd57fd39df4ad7c:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Why I Chose Accounting EssayThis scholar feels that Lorraine Hansberry has given each and every one of us a chance to do what we fell is best for ourselves. It is a shame that Lorraine Hansberry died at such a young age because this writer feels that she would have added great hope and dignity to the world we live in today. Lorraine Hansberry did not allow the restrictions of her race and gender to hold her back from becoming the woman she wanted to be. Lorraine used these two limitations to unlock the door for others to follow in her footsteps and further the goals she helped to establish.

Jackson Pollock free essay sample

An essay on the life and work of American abstract painter Jackson Pollock. This paper discusses the life and work of Jackson Pollock, who is one of the central figures in the development of the strictly American art movement called Abstract Expressionism. The paper includes his biographical information, description of major works, quotes from Pollock and his critics describing his innovative drip painting style, and an art inventory of the 1953 painting called Easter and the Totem. American painter, Jackson Pollock, born in Cody, Wyoming in 1912, was a troubled genius who became known as a quintessential abstract expressionist in the art world of the twentieth century. Pollock, a freedom seeking rebel, was instrumental is the development of the distinctly American abstract expressionist movement in the United States. He became notorious for his drip painting methods and his huge canvases layered with paint and embedded objects. Pollock, known for his emotional volatility and heavy drinking, seen as a phony by some, and a hero by others, used his innovative, individualistic and uninhibited style to birth a new artistic genre in post World War II America. We will write a custom essay sample on Jackson Pollock or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page

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hum essays AUTHOR: Grace Hopper (Change Grace's name to yours) COURSE: CSC 102 Section 1 (Use the correct section number) DUE DATE: December 10th, 2010 (Use the correct due date) REFERENCE: "Computer Science - A structured Programming Approach using C++", Forouzan ................................................................ PURPOSE: Create a customer's bill for a company. The company sells only five different products: TV, VCR, Remote Controller, CD Player, and Tape Recorder. The Unit prices are $300.00, $120.00, $25.30, $250.00, and $15.00, respectively. The program must read from the keyboard the quantity of each piece of equipment purchased. It then calculates the cost of each item, the subtotal, and the total cost after a 9 1/8 % sales tax. INPUT: The input data consists of a set of integers representing the quantities of each item sold. Theses integers must be input into the program in a user friendly way; that is, the program must prompt the user for each quantity. For Example: How many TV's were sold?-* 40 How many VCR's were sold?* 25 How many Remote Controls were sold?* 15 How many CD Player's were sold?* 10 How many Tape Recorder's were sold?* 5 OUTPUT: The exact required format(based on the input from above) for the output from the program is shown below: UNIT TOTAL QTY DESCRIPTION PRICE PRICE - - 40 TV 300.00 12000.00 25 VCR 120.00 3000.00 15 REMOTE CTRL 25.30 379.50 10 CD 250.00 2500.00 5 TAPE RECORDER 50.00 250.00 SUBTOTAL 18129.50 ...

Sisters of the Screen film Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Sisters of the Screen film - Movie Review Example Evidently, the film brought together personal reflections, legal issues as well as gender related challenges that defined the participation of women in film making in Africa. From the diverse range of stories in the film, it becomes easy to understand the challenges that African women face when practicing film making. A film is a useful tool for viewers who need to gain familiarity with such challenges. The film revealed both production/ distribution challenges, gender based obstacles as well as other issues that film makers face as they try to strike a balance between the feminine roles and their career. From the details provided in the film, it becomes evident that women are willing to explore the film making limits that African men in the industry have not explored. From the personal stories, the different filmmakers tell the audience becomes more aware of the salient frustrations that women in Africa face when they chose film-making as a career. Notably, the film exposes the entry of African women into film making and the progress they have registered in the past years. However, the film also reveals how the lack of resources has proved to be a challenge in the production and distribution of films in Africa. Moreover, the film served to reveal laws as well as the statutes that serve as barriers for successful film making in Africa. Without a doubt, the film that brought togethe r the voices of numerous film makers who are women from Africa is an effective tool in revealing the challenges they face in film making.

How Have Changes in World Economy Affected Room for Manoeuvre of Essay

How Have Changes in World Economy Affected Room for Manoeuvre of Multinational Films - Essay Example In the arguments by analysts in the business world, the ongoing crisis facing the globe cannot be confined to a discussion of how the countries should survive in the tough times, since the crisis has a long way to go to find lasting solutions. However, they advocate for an understanding of the variances between the countries and the policies that would have a long term solution to the crisis as compared to the short term solutions. This paper shall solely endeavour to find out how the changes in world economy since the neoliberal restructuring in 1980s through globalisation and the 2008 world crisis affected the manoeuvre of multinational firms. 2.0. Body 2.1. Neoliberal restructuring in 1980s through globalisation- dominant macro-economic framework   With the neoliberal restructuring in 1980s through globalisation, Robinson (2003) indicates that many governments held the opinion that this move would be extremely profitable for the countries. As if not enough, the IMF, World Bank a nd other corporations joined in the campaign of the positives of the globalisation, which saw the introduction of free markets in the globe. This is clearly the dominant macro-economic framework  .With free markets, it was believed that the trade would thrive on a higher rate; thus, a collective prosperity on the global arena. Through neoliberal restructuring, it was expected that a lot of countries would be saved form poverty stricken lives by the year 2015 (Petras & Veltmeyer, 2012). In the long run, however, the case was reported to be different, since most of the policies that were enacted, ended up not being implemented by the concerned parties, especially in the third world countries. In relation to this move and the manoeuvre of multinational firms, it can be argued that the firms faced a lot of challenges from the fact that they could not manage dealing with the tough completion that the ‘New Order’ that was existent in the region (Dunning & Mucchielli, 2002; Rugman, 2002). The state, global institutions and local establishments greatly affected MNCs ability to act, since a lot of consultations had to be made prior to embarking on any move. They had to adapt to their current ideologies in the market. A lot of capital was released in the market, an interpretation of escalating trends of capitalists in the market. For the prospective multi-national firms (MNCs), stringent measures were put, to govern their operations in the market. According to Ryner (2004), neoliberal restructuring in 1980s through globalisation was solely characterised by completion between the major players in the industry. This completion was not confined on the local realm, but an international one, that was geared for the benefits of a few business tycoons. Though a lot of these firms aimed at battling up with the competition, the business environment was not too conducive for running of the businesses. On another viewpoint, the survival of the multinational firms wa s made difficult by the fact that the poverty levels in the globe were on the rise, since a lot of people were unemployed (Rugman, 2005). At this particular time, these multinational firms, took the measure of applying corporate franchising, that led to the producers incur huge amounts of money to survive especially in low income countries. The operations of the global corporations in the globe saw the confinement of the jobs in the

Business - WRTG-2 Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business - WRTG-2 Assignment - Essay Example However, at the end of the day, one needs to work for the purpose of earning their livelihood. This is the reason why an individual gets paid for doing work. In simple words, work is defined as the process by which an individual accomplishes some activities against some financial offerings. Traditionally, there have been concepts that if one does not work, he/she may get indulged into some illegal activities. In that case work is important for every individual. Now, in the context of the study, I have been in the field of steel industry. From the graduation days I have decided that I will be getting into a sector that has global opportunities. Also, I had a feeling that I should be working for an industry that offers continuous learning and allows me to showcase my talent. Hence, I decided to work for the steel industry. Steel industry has a worldwide scope. A large number of companies operate within the steel industry. However, the steel industry does not exist alone; it collectivel y exists with iron and is known as iron and steel industry. Steel industry is also important for the economy of a country. It acts as an indicator of the national economy. The demand of steel is continuously rising. To cite an example, during the early 2000 the demand for steel increased by 6%. It is mainly due to the massive economic boom in countries such as India and China. Some of the evident players of the steel industry are Tata Steel, Shagang Group and Shanghai Baosteel Group Corporation. In the context of the steel manufacturing industry, it has a mixture of both skilled and unskilled labor force. As the industry needs high precision in the tasks, skilled labors are important. The process of manufacturing steel is complex, and there are various scientific ways of production. The industry has a diverse group of workforce; starting from engineers, it has personnel from marketing, sales and other fields of business. However, the task of different departments differs accordingly . Discussion There are eminent personalities who work in the steel industry. Some of them include Ratan Tata, who is the owner of Tata Group and Tata Steel from India. According to Ratan Tata, the demand of steel is hugely increasing in the western part of the world; therefore, the trade fall in the parts of Europe and US has diminished. However, he has also highlighted that steel is yet to get out of trouble. According to him, the financial crunch and high cost of raw material have severely affected the profit of the first quarter. Yet, the signals are encouraging, according to him. Also, according to Prasad Baji of Tata Steel, the industry is witnessing a booming period. Consumption of steel has increased by 5–6 % in the 1st quarter; moreover, it is also estimated that the demand will further increase in the present quarter by about 8–10 % (â€Å"Steel Industry Thinks the Worst Is over and Signals Are Cheery†). Some of the other eminent personalities of this i ndustry include Xu Lejiang, the chairman of Baosteel. According to him, the present situation of the Chinese steel industry is witnessing historic transformations. Nonetheless, in order to transform it for the betterment, it requires the transformation of both the steel and iron industries. He also believes that the key factor towards the development of the industry lies in its system of operation. In addition, he stated that innovation in the most

Minor injury and Illness Assessment in the Community

Minor injury and Illness Assessment in the Community Rebecca Bastow In the following assignment I am going to analyse and evaluate a case of Acute Otitis Media shown in appendix one, by discussing the pathophysiology behind this condition and how important the role of history-taking is as well as, the clinical presentation and the probable examination findings. To further support my findings of the condition I am going to including the special tests that are needed to confirm my diagnosis. Through the utilisation of appropriate evidence, I am going to justify and formulate my treatment plan and referral pathway, taking into consideration the ethical, medico-legal and professional responsibilities relating to the case. Acute otitis media (AOM) can be referred to as the presence of inflammation in the middle ear with possible effusion, its associated signs and symptoms are rapid in onset (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 27). It is evidenced that more than seventy-five percent of cases commonly affects young children under the age of ten, particularly those who are effected by passive smoking, attend nursery and are formula-fed. It is said to have a greater prevalence in males than females (Edwards and Stillman, 2006, p. 129 -137). Consequently, children have a horizontal, less acute angle and shorter Eustachian tube which makes it easier for bacterial enter and more difficult for fluid to move. However, normally it is collapsed but opens with swallowing and positive pressure (Nair and Peate, 2013, p. 565 -566). The recurrence of this infection can cause serious complications such as hearing loss, tympanic membrane perforation, infrequently it can lead to mastoiditis, facial nerve paralysis, sinus thrombo sis, and meningitis (Kivi and Yu, 2016). The presentation in adults and older children is usually reported as earache whereas, young children they may rub and pull on their ear or may present generic symptoms such as fever, continual crying, poor feeding, cough and restlessness at night. Signs and symptoms that are common in AOM consist of red, cloudy or bulging tympanic membrane, pain, pyrexia, headache, tinnitus, nausea and vomiting, reduction in hearing, malaise and otalgia (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). Eustachian tube is situated at the anterior wall of the middle ear to the lateral wall of the nasopharynx and therefore, anatomically connects to the throat and palatine tonsil. Thus, allowing the infection to effect anything that is located in the connected pathways. AOM is a common condition that can be triggered by upper respiratory tract infections (twenty-five percent) either via bacteria or viruses (Nair and Peate, 2015, p. 157). Commonly, it is a virus that is responsible for the infection and is usually self-limiting. Although, other inflammatory conditions can have similar outcomes. Inflammation of the nasopharynx can spread up to the medial end of the Eustachian tube, forming stasis which in turn changes the pressure in the middle ear, relative to ambient pressure (Johnson and Hill-Smith, 2012, p. 34 -35). This level of stasis can result in bacteria settling in the space of the middle ear via the straight pathway from the nasopharynx (Nair and Peate, 2013, p. 565 -566). The prominent causes are reflux, blowing something into a body cavity or aspiration. The bodys natural reaction to acute inflammatory responses is recognised as vasodilation, leukocyte invasion, exudation, phagocytosis and local immunological responses in the middle ear (Nair and Peate, 2015, p. 157). It is said that viral based infections that target and harm mucosal linings of the respiratory tract may assistance bacterias ability to become pathogenic in the nasopharynx, Eustachian tube and the middle ear cleft. Viral infections have been understood in regard to its part in the pathogenesis of AOM yet, it is still not understood what actual role they play (Waseem, M, 2016). Immunology activity can play a vital role in the occurrence of AOM and its results. The nasopharynx also has an important role in the development of AOM, its lymphoid tissues provide a form of protection against pathogens by obstructing their attachment to surfaces of the mucosa (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). There are numerous medico-legal considerations to bear in mind in Annas case due to her only being sixteen years of age (appendix one). The fundamental issue is whether she has mental capacity, it is an act designed to protect those who may lack the mental capacity to make their own decisions on their care and treatment. Which applies to individuals aged sixteen and over (NHS Choices, 2015). Individuals have to be given help to make a decision themselves and the information should be in a format that they can understand easily. If someone makes what is believed to be an unwise decision, they should not be treated as lacking capacity. Treatment and care given to those who lack capacity should be the least restrictive of their rights and freedoms (GOV UK, 2005). Mental capacity is determined by if there is an impairment, disturbance in the function of their mind or brain, as a result of a condition, illness or other external influences. And by whether theses consequently make the indiv idual unable to make specific decisions when they have to. Individuals may lack capacity to make specific decisions but have the capacity to make others (Quality Care Commission, 2016). It can also fluctuate with time, they may lack capacity at one point in time, but may be able to make the same decision at a later point. To be deemed to have mental capacity they must, understand the information pertinent to the decision, retain the information and use the information in the process of making that decision (NHS Choices, 2015). The capacity to consent to treatment has a controversial stance in under sixteen year olds. However, Gillick competence expresses that any child under the age of sixteen can consent, if they have sufficient understanding and intelligence to be capable of making a decision when required (Ministry of Ethics, 2014). This refers to the assessment undertaken by doctors to establish if a child under sixteen is deemed to have to capacity to consent for treatment in the absence of parental or guardian consent. The routine assessment of competence should be suitable for the childs age (NHS Choices, 2016). It could be argued, what is deemed to have sufficient for understanding and intelligence. In Annas case this does not directly apply because she is over that age nonetheless, the transferability is feasible. Children sixteen and over are deemed to have capacity by law and can consent or refuse treatment. If a child sixteen or over is believed to lack capacity, an assessment of capacity to consent needs to be carried out and documented (Quality Care Commission, 2016). Once valid consent to treatment has been attained it should be recorded as evidence, valid consent is where the medical professional has given the child, parents or both the applicable information about the purpose of treatment, as well as risks and possible alternatives (Department of Health, 2009). It is still good practice to provide parents with information however, consent needs to be sought from the child and the extent of information shared should be deliberated (Quality Care Commission, 2016). In regard to safeguarding concerns, information can be shared with parents without consent. Decisions made in the best interest for the individual, regarding care and treatment can be made anyone involved in caring for them, re latives, friends, and any attorney appointed (NHS Choices, 2016). As soon as I had consent from Anna or both Anna and her parents I would take a detailed history from her such as, when the pain started, pain score, characteristics of the pain, whether it is radiating anywhere, any allergies, medical conditions, current medication and social factors (appendix one). A thorough history is critical as it helps establish; potential treatment plans, possible safety netting features, rules out red flags or differential diagnosis (appendix two) which are all grounded on the findings from the physical assessment and special tests (Kavanagh, S, 2015). From observation, examination and palpation; it was recognised that her tonsils red and swollen, her head was inclined to right but was walking normally, otoscopy reviled that the tympanic membrane was cloudy and bulging slightly and her palatine and pre-auricle lymph nodes appeared tender (Douglas et al, 2013, p. 297 -314). The baseline observations showed that she had no significant temperature and all others observations were with normal parameters (appendix one). To support my diagnosis and exclude potential red flags indefinitely I would carry out some special auditory tests. The first type of hearing loss is conductive; this is a problem conducting sound waves along the path of the ear. It can occur anywhere from the outer ear, middle ear or, tympanic membrane (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 11). Sensorineural is the other type of hearing loss, in which the cause is situated in the inner ear, the cochlea or in the vestibulocochlear nerve (cranial nerve VIII), (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 11). A simple test to establish the level of hearing loss is the Voice test. By observing and engaging in conversation with the patient it is easy to recognise if you need to raise your voice to be heard clearly. A whisper test would help you gain greater perception of their hearing loss (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 13). A more complex and effective test that is greatly used is the Tuning fork test (Burkey et al, 1998). Within this there is two further tests, the first is called the Weber test (appendix three). This is where the tuning fork is hit on a surface to make it vibrate, then the base is placed on the middle of the patients forehead and then ask the patient where they hear this sound. It is normal for the patient to hear it in both ears except those with conductive hearing loss or unilateral sensorineural hearing loss, then it is better heard in one ear (Douglas et al, 2013, p. 303). The Rinnes test (appendix three) should conclude that the sound was louder beside the external aud itory meatus than on the mastoid process this is because air conduction is greater than bone (Rinnes positive), (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 13). This test is conducted by placing the vibrating fork on the mastoid process and then the patient reports when they can no longer hear it. The fork is then placed approximately two centimeters away from the external auditory meatus and asked if they can hear it, the patient then reports when they can no longer hear anything (Douglas et al, 2013, p. 303). However, if the patient informs you that the sound is louder on the mastoid process this means bone is the better conductor of sound (Rinnes negative) and applies to conductive deafness (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 13). A false negative Rinnes test can occur when hearing is very poor in one side, when the fork is placed on the mastoid process of the poor ear the sound can be conducted through the skull and projected to the good ear (Douglas et al, 2013, p. 303). To manage people with initial presentations of AOM paracetamol or a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs for instance, ibuprofen is used to treat pain and fever. It is evidenced that both of them are effective in relieving pain in children with AOM, and have few adverse effects when the suggested doses are used (Nair and Peate, 2015, p. 157). For the majority of people with AOM a non-antibiotic method is used, this is where they assure patients that antibiotics are not needed and that they make little difference to symptoms. Antibiotics may also have adverse effects and contribute to antibiotic resistance (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 23). A delayed antibiotic prescribing strategy could also be utilised, where they advise patients to commence antibiotics if within four days their symptoms do not improve or if they get substantially worse (Johnson and Hill-Smith, 2012, p. 34 -35). Immediate antibiotics should be given to people that have AOM and are; systemically unwell but admission is not needed, at the risk of complications due to existing diseases, those whose symptoms have continued for four or more days and not getting better, children under the age of two with infection in both ears and children with discharge in the canal or tympanic perforation (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). A five-day co urse of amoxicillin is the first-line of treatment if antibiotics are required. Whereas, people that are allergic to penicillin have erythromycin or clarithromycin as alternatives (Munir and Clarke, 2013, p. 23). Amoxicillin is shown to be more effective than erythromycin or clarithromycin against the probable pathogens involved in AOM (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence, 2015). A Cochrane systematic review showed that was no respectable evidence for the routine use of antibiotics in the treatment of AOM in children (Venekamp et al, 2013). Although antibiotics showed to have a statistically significant decrease of children experiencing pain with AOM between day two and seven compared the placebo, eighty-two percent of the childrens symptoms spontaneously improved. It was concluded that the benefits and potential harms of antibiotic treatment must be evaluated, taking into account adverse effects and the possibility of resistance (Venekamp et al, 2013). However, the evidence exposed that they were the most effective against children under two with bilateral AOM, or with both discharge and AOM regardless of age. For the majority of children with mild AOM, an observational method seems acceptable (Venekamp et al, 2013). Another systematic review of the treatment of AOM in children found that compared with short course antibiotics, long courses reduced short-ter m treatment failure, but had no advantages in the longer term in comparison with short courses (Kozyrskyj et al, 2015). Consequently, to manage and treat Annas AOM I would treat her pain with paracetamol or ibuprofen taking into consideration of any allergies and her asthma. I would establish if she has taken ibuprofen before and whether there were any problems. The evidence above shows this condition to be self-limiting and that antibiotics have no significant effect in this condition. It is shown that the public have the most contact with the NHS via general practices, NHS England estimated that approximately one million people access their general practice each day (Comptroller and Auditor General, 2015). The number of direct and telephone contact with patients grew (15.4 percent) throughout all clinical staff in general practices between 2010 and 2015. During that period, the average patient list expanded by ten percent (Baird et al. 2016). It is evident that the non-emergency services like these are being sought by those with conditions that are not serious or life threatening. NHS Direct received roughly 4.4 million calls in 2011 and 2012, 2.7 million calls were made between 2012 and 2013 to NHS 111 and in 2007 and 2008, around 8.6 million calls were received by the GP out-of-hours services (National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. 2014). In Annas case of AOM it is evident that she is asymptomatic, the spread of infection has clearly tracked down from the nasopharynx, Eustachian tube, throat, tonsils to the palatine and pre-auricle lymph nodes. It directly corresponds with the physical assessment and the initial history of the conditions presentation therefore, ruling out a differential diagnosis. The no antibiotic framework above is evidently effective, I have concluded that an analgesic (paracetamol) or nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory (ibuprofen) approach would be adapted and advised to manage Annas pain. This also demonstrates the importance of history taking as Anna has only had these symptoms for two days, indicating that this treatment is the most appropriate. It is apparent that Anna does not require hospitalisation so I would need to leave her with the appropriate safety netting in place. Thus, if she was at home or at school when the incident occurred and her parents or teacher were present and content with mo nitoring her, I would leave the same advice as shown above. I would also advice Anna to go and see her GP if her symptoms worsen or persist for four or more days. It is documented that general practices are well-versed in the management of these non-urgent conditions if they develop or worsen. Similarly, it is evidence that the public are aware of which service to pursue if they experience any similar acute conditions. These actions would only be taken once the red flags were ruled out through the tests and assessments conducted above. In summary acute otitis media is usually a self-limiting condition that resolves by itself without the input of antibiotics subsequently, it is likely that Anna will not need any further involvement form any other healthcare professional. References (2017). Differential Diagnosis. Available: https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/3935/Otitis-media/Differential-Diagnosis. Last accessed 25-01-17. Baird, B., Charles. A., Honeyman. M., Maguire, D. and Das, P. (2016). Understanding pressures in general practice. Available: https://www.kingsfund.org.uk/sites/files/kf/field/field_publication_file/Understanding-GP-pressures-Kings-Fund-May-2016.pdf. Last accessed 25-01-17. Burkey, J, Lippy, W, Schuring, A and Rizer, F. (1998). Clinical Utility of the 512-Hz Rinne Tuning Fork Test. Available: https://www.mm3admin.co.za/documents/docmanager/6e64f7e1-715e-4fd6-8315-424683839664/00023361.pdf. Last accessed 17-01-17. Comptroller and Auditor General. (2015). Department of Health and NHS England: Stocktake of access to general practice in England. Available: https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/20151008%20Brief%20guide%20-%20Capacity%20and%20consent%20in%20under%2018s%20FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 27-01-17. Department of Health. (2009). Reference guide to consent. Available: https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/138296/dh_103653__1_.pdf. Last accessed 23-01-17. Douglas, G., Nicol, F and Robertson, C (2013). Macleods Clinical Examination. 13th ed. Edinburgh: Elvsevier. P. 297 -308. Edwards, C and Stillman, P (2006). Minor Illness or Major Disease? The clinical pharmacist in the community. 4th ed. London: Pharmaceutical Press. p. 129 -137. GOV UK. (2005). Mental Capacity Act 2005. Available: http://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2005/9/pdfs/ukpga_20050009_en.pdf. Last accessed 28-01-17. Johnson, G and Hill-Smith, I (2012). The Minor Illness Manual. 4th ed. London: Radcliffe Publishing Ltd. p. 25 -41. Kavanagh, S. (2015). History Taking. Available: http://patient.info/doctor/history-taking. Last accessed 28-01-17. Kivi, R and Yu, W. (2016). Acute Otitis Media. Available: http://www.healthline.com/health/ear-infection-acute. Last accessed 19-01-17. Kozyrskyj, A., Klassen, T., Moffatt, M and Harvey, K. (2015). Short-course antibiotics for acute otitis media. Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD001095.pub2/full. Last accessed 29-01-17. Ministry of Ethics. (2014). Common Law: Gillick V West Norfolk AND Wisbech Area Health Authority 1984-5. Available: http://www.ministryofethics.co.uk/index.php?p=7q=2. Last accessed 20-01-17. Munir, N and Clarke, R (2013). Ear, Nose and Throat at a Glance. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 22 -27. Nair, M and Peate, I (2013). Fundermentals of Applied Pathophysiology: An essential guide for nursing and healthcare students. 2nd ed. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell. p. 565 -566. Nair, M and Peate, I (2015). Pathophysiology for Nurses at a Glance. Oxford: Wiley Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p.155 -157. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2014). NATIONAL INSTITUTE FOR HEALTH AND CARE EXCELLENCE SCOPE: Service delivery and organisation for acute medical emergencies. Available: https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/gid-cgwave0734/resources/acute-medical-emergencies-in-adults-and-young-people-service-guidance-final-scope2. Last accessed 18-01-17. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2015). Otitis media acute: Scenario: Acute otitis media initial presentation. Available: https://cks.nice.org.uk/otitis-media-acute#!scenario. Last accessed 20-01-17. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence. (2015). Otitis media acute Summary. Available: https://cks.nice.org.uk/otitis-media-acute#!topicsummary. Last accessed 20-01-17. NHS Choices. (2015). What is the Mental Capacity Act? . Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/social-care-and-support-guide/Pages/mental-capacity.aspx. Last accessed 30-01-17. NHS Choices. (2016). Consent to treatment Children and young people . Available: http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Consent-to-treatment/Pages/Children-under-16.aspx. Last accessed 21-01-17. Quality Care Commission. (2016). Brief guide: capacity and competence in under 18s. Available: https://www.cqc.org.uk/sites/default/files/20151008%20Brief%20guide%20-%20Capacity%20and%20consent%20in%20under%2018s%20FINAL.pdf. Last accessed 20-01-17. Venekamp, RP., Sanders, S., Glasziou, PP., Del Mar, CB and Rovers, MM. (2013). Antibiotics for acute otitis media in children (Review). Available: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub3/pdf. Last accessed 18-01-17. Waseem, M. (2016). Acute Otitis: Pathophysiology. Available: http://emedicine.medscape.com/article/994656-overview. Last accessed 25-01-17. Appendix 1 Patient: 16-year-old woman called Anna PC: Pain in right ear HPC: Anna has had pain in her throat and right ear for the last two days and describes feeling under the weather. SOCRATES- Site Pain in throat and right ear. Onset last 2 days. Character- sharp pain in ear throat feels scratchy. Radiation some radiation down towards neck. Associated symptoms No systemic signs. Ear feels full and patient describes difficulty hearing. Timing constant. Exacerbating/Relieving factors- none. Severity- 4/10 PMH: Mild asthma, brought on by exertion. Anna had a number of ear infections when she was younger but hasnt had any for at least two years. DH: Salbutamol PRN Allergies: Elastoplast- Contact dermatitis Alcohol/Smoking: Anna reports drinking occasionally with her friends but does not smoke. Occ H: Student SH: Lives at home with her parents and younger brother (12). O/E: OBS: T: 37.2C, P: 85 reg, RR: 12, BP: 110/75, SpO2: 98% room air Walking normally, with head inclined to the right. Examination of the external ear is normal; palatine and pre-auricle lymph nodes tender; tonsils red and swollen; tympanic membrane cloudy and bulging slightly. In analyse and evaluate the case by discussing the pathophysiology of the condition and how this relates to the history-taking, clinical presentation and likely examination findings, including any special tests that may be required to diagnose the condition. You should then formulate a treatment plan and referral decision justified by critical analysis, taking the ethical, medico-legal and professional responsibilities of the case into account. Appendix 2 Differential Diagnosis of Otitis media Disease/Condition Differentiating Signs/Symptoms Differentiating Tests Otitis media with effusion Typically, the middle ear effusion is asymptomatic. On otoscopy these patients have an effusion of any color, air fluid levels, or bubbles with normal tympanic membrane landmarks. Myringitis These patients may have no symptoms attributable to the middle ear. On otoscopy there is erythema and injection of the tympanic membrane in the neutral position without other features of otitis media Mastoiditis There is edema, erythema, and tenderness over the mastoid process. Diagnosis is clinical based on history and examination. A CT scan may be warranted if symptoms are severe (to exclude abscess formation) or if the diagnosis is uncertain. Cholesteatoma Patients may present with painless otorrhea and hearing loss. Opacification of the tympanic membrane may lead to a misdiagnosis of AOM. Diagnosis is based on the history and clinical findings. Imaging is rarely necessary. (2017). Differential Diagnosis. Available: https://online.epocrates.com/diseases/3935/Otitis-media/Differential-Diagnosis. Last accessed 25-01-17. Appendix 3 Special Auditory Tests (2015). Rinne-Weber. Available: http://wikige.wikia.com/wiki/Rinne-Weber. Last accessed 25-01-17.

Teens And Smoking Essay -- essays research papers

Teens and Smoking Abstract Cigarette smoking is of interest to the National Institute on Drug Abuse both because of the public health problems associated with this form of substance abuse and because this behavior represents a prototypic dependence process. In the past few years the government has made every effort to reach the masses, in an attempt to curb the exploitation of tobbacco use, and its acceptance among Americas Youngsters. However, cigarette smoking among adolescents is on the rise. The premise that the behavior of adolescents is influenced by the behavior of their parents is central to many considerations of health and social behavior (Ausubel, Montemayor, & Svajiian, 1977; Bandura & Walters, 1963). Many young people between 10-18 years of age experiment with smoking, smoking is a personal choice, and usually exploratory in nature. Typically, it takes place in rather young people and is largely dependent on: first, the availability of opportunity to engage in the behavior, second, having a fairly high degree of curiosity about the effects of the behavior; third, in finding it a way of expressing either conformity to the behavior or others (such as parents, older siblings or peers), forth, as in "Miller and Dollar's" explanation of Observational Learning, The Copying behavior effect. This research is to examine the effects of parental smoking (behavior), has, on the decision of teens to smoke cigarettes. Due to prior studies using global measures that may or may not include South Eastern North Carolina. The Fayetteville/Fort Bragg area was chosen for this study to pinpoint the effects in this particular locale. Fort Bragg and Pope Air Force Base have a very diverse socieo-economic and culturally diverse population, which will have a positive effect on randomness of sample selection. With this association in mind, this researcher is interested in knowing if there is a relationship of Parental influence on Teen Smoking within this Military Community. Introduction The prevalence of cigarette smoking among young teenagers is a growing problem in the United States, many young people between the ages of 10-18 are experimenting with tobacco. During the 1040's and 50's smoking was popular and socially acceptable. Movie stars, sports heroes, and celebrities appeared in cigarette advertisements that ... ...ribution statistics will be used to identify significant differences between sub samples. References Bauman, K. E., Foshee, V. A., Linzer, M. A., Koch, G. G. (1990). Effect of parental smoking classification on the association between parental and adolescent smoking. Addictive-behaviors, 15,(5), 413-422. Horevitz, M. J., (1985). Disasters and psychological responses to stress. Psychiatric Annals, 15, 161-167. Hu, F. B. Flak, B. R., Hedeker, D. (1995). The inlfuence of friends and parental smoking on adolescent smoking behavior. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, v4 (3), 215-225. Jessor, R. (1993). Successful adolescent development among high-risk settings, American Psychologist, 48, 117-126. Johnston, L., O'Malley, P., Bachman, J. (1988). Drug use among American high school students, College students and other young adults. National trends through 1991. National Institute on Drug Abuse. Research Monograph Series, (1979). Cigarette Smoking as a dependence Process. National Institute on Drug Abuse. 23

Dependency Theory and Colonial Heritage Essay

Many have tried to draw upon the legacy of the colonial system to explain the reasons for underdevelopment in many areas of the world. Most areas that suffer from poverty today are former colonies the developed nations, for the most part, are former metropoles. The colonizers exploited their underlings in colonies, turning them into suppliers of cheap raw materials and restricting the infrastructure construction, leaving former colonies with only basic facilities. In many cases, when the colonizers departed, the nations were left with artificial boundaries that separated them from each other without regard for their historical development. This fuelled subsequent separatism and military conflicts, hampering economic progress. Thus, if one looks at straight-line boundaries in Africa which we are now learning in DS 202, it becomes obvious that those were artificially created. The colonizers, in particular the British Empire, were suppressing the industrial development in their colonies because they viewed them as sources of cheap imports and at the same time large markets for their industrial goods. An example of north-eastern Brazil that often surfaces in literature on underdevelopment, (Taylor 2001) claims that north eastern Brazil in the 19th century would have appeared to be an ideal place for a textile industry with its high quality cotton and existing demand for sugar bags cloth and slave clothing. However, to develop the textile industry, it would take years during which the industry should have been shielded from foreign competition with import tariffs and quotas. This was surely not something Britain would allow in its colony. As a result, the fledgling Brazilian textile enterprises proved unable to withstand the competition with Britain’s textile industry. Britain, like almost any metropole, was interested in selling to the colony, not de veloping industry inside it. As of 1822, when Brazil received independence, it was a larger export market for Britain than all the rest of Latin America combined (Taylor, 2001). Naturally, even as Brazil proclaimed independence, Britain did not want to lose this lucrative market and demanded a trade treaty with Britain which prohibited import substitution tariffs (Taylor, 2001). Brazil was forced into this treaty by its political weakness. In this way, former metropolitan powers keep control of their former colonies to varying extents, blocking their effective development. In newly independent nations of Latin America, for instance, the warfare that  often preceded proclamation of independence devastated regional and national economies (Kinsbruner 1994 pg 126). Although this perspective is not universally recognised, the IMF and the World Bank for imposing policies said to aggravate third world countries. The stated goals of both institutions are certainly to spearhead economic growth in nations they service with their financial programs. Critics , however , point out that loans from the World Bank and the IMF often come with conditions that block the road to sustainable development and make poverty even worse . The Structural Adjustment Policies (SAPs) imposed by the IMF as a prerequisite for qualifying for its loans often aggravate the deplorable condition of the third world nation. Thus, SAPs often call for reduction in government expenditures for health, education and other government services for the sake of debt repayment. In this way, third world nations are dragged into the quagmire of debt repayment, as their interest provides income for Wall Street banks and other financial institutions. IMF policies urge third world countries to increase their exports of raw materials and agricultural products in to cope with debt – an immediate concern. This, however, reduces the amount of food available to the poor inside the country and can lead to starvation second, does not create conditions for building processing industries that will increase value added inside the country. Besides, the IMF often demands for liberal market reforms that involve privatisation that, without proper prepa ration and evaluation of potential consequences, can lead to loss of jobs, aggravation of the social situation and civil unrest. Such measures lead to social discontent that can hamper the development of economies in developing countries. With respect to harmful policies imposed by the fund, Amin notes that the key to development is subordination of outside relations to the logic of internal development and not the reverse as it is happening when development policies are imposed by outside financial institutions (Amin, 1995 pg 10). The harmful role of the World Bank and the IMF in the development of poor nations is by no means indisputable. However, there are many criticisms aimed at the policies that accompany loans and the very idea of reaping interest income off the populations of the nations where starvation is a widely spread phenomenon. Political Aspects. Many regions of the world that demonstrate marked third world are characterised by overt concentration of power in the hands of a rich minority that uses this power to oppress the majority. For example, the North-eastern areas of Brazil that rely on sugar production as the primary source of income are seriously underdeveloped as compared to the rest of the nation. The property patterns in this region are the history of the dominant class manipulating social, political, and economic institutions so as to expropriate the maximum possible surplus from the rural workers (Taylor, 1978 pg 57). The economic interests of the land-owning class lay in extracting as much as possible from their plantations and workers as opposed to investing in the area. The result is miserable since an area that specialises in agricultural production cannot even feed its own citizens and has to import most of its agricultural produce from the rest of the nation. With a stagnant economic situation, the north-eastern Brazil has suffered from health education, and literacy standards that ended in a peasant revolt in the 1960s (Taylor, 1978 pg 157) Regional Inequalities. Many travellers to nations lik e China, India or the Caribbean are immediately impressed by the contrast between squalor of provincial areas and the apparent luxury of large cities and some ‘advanced’ areas. Regional inequalities contribute to underdevelopment, creating a situation when some areas are on their way toward modernisation, while others are forced into the backseat of social and economic progress. The importance of regional inequalities as source of underdevelopment is explored, for instance, in Andre Gunder Frank ‘s 1989 publication The Development of Underdevelopment (Frank 1989) challenges the view that third world nations are still going through the stages that more developed countries are done with. Instead, he asserts that problems of underdeveloped areas are the inevitable result of the capitalist system. The same, in his mind, is true of the regional disparities observed in the third world countries where the capital and larger cities often stand out as oases of advancement among the generally gloomy landscape around. The underdevelopment phenomena in the province are the products of the historical development of the capitalist system no less than are the seemin gly more modern or capitalist features of the national metropoles of the third world countries Frank (1989, pg 37). Education and Training. A well-trained and educated workforce is the necessary precondition for successful economic development. The presence of a large educated population contributes to India’s current rise as an outsourcing destination, although  it has so far failed to ensure overall prosperity in this nation. This problem, for instance, is addressed in Canadian programs targeting development of Aboriginal areas. The Indian entrepreneurship has to be supported with knowledgeable workforce that will attract capital flows to the areas. Although the fact that Native Americans missed the industrial revolution ‘ has its upside, as there is no need for re-training, integration of these people into the complex web of the global economy is a serious challenge (Kendall , 2001). Similar problems are experienced by many third world countries only in their case unlike the situation of Aboriginal populations in Canada, there is no strong nation to back them up in the efforts to increase their education. Cultural Factors. Culture, to some degree, can also adversely impact development or contribute to it. The modern world is patterned to a great extent after the Western cultures of the nations that have a dominant role in this world. Those that do not fit into these patterns will not achieve success as their development would ideally proceed along different lines. An example can be the case of Africa and Native Americans in Canada. Although living in a highly developed and prosperous nation, Native Americans, South Africa and even Zimbabwe, the Aboriginals fail to attain economic well-being. One reason that precludes their success is supposed to be their culture that envisages collective ownership and sharing of resources, as opposed to the idea of individual private rights that characterizes Western culture Kendall, (2001 pg 43). Industrial technology best develops in conditions that favour private ownership however, for these countries, it often means they have to abandon their cultural values which in most cases is not the case. CONCLUSION The difficulties of modernising and developing third world countries are multiple. More often than not different factors of third world countries will be present in areas affected by this problem, intertwined and perpetuating each other. Thus, the political situation marked by elite domination perpetuates economic inequalities that in their turn cause inadequacy of educational facilities and ensuing lack of local qualified specialists. Lack of medical services can lead to absence of effective family planning measures that in their turn lead to overpopulation and then to poverty as the national GDP struggles to catch up with economic growth.  Therefore, addressing a set of problems rather than separate issues is the cornerstone for building an effective development program.

HOW EXERCISE AFFECTS MOOD essays

HOW EXERCISE AFFECTS MOOD essays Most people know that regular exercise can help you get in shape. But did you know that exercise can not only improve your physical well being, but your psychological state as well? There are many benefits of exercise because exercise affects every single part of your body. Exercise affects your nervous and cardiovascular systems, it affects hormone secretions which can regulate everything from diabetes, weight gain and also your mood. Exercise affects how you walk, talk, breathe, move, think and feel. In addition to the many treatments for depression, exercise has become an attractive new choice to alter a persons mood. Many recent studies have been published supporting the belief that exercise has been proven effective in improving depression and in some cases has been able to prevent it all together. The basic rationale behind these studies is that exercising has very positive effects on an individuals body and mind. In support of the psychological benefits, it has been determined that exercising increases a persons self-confidence as well as provides a feeling of accomplishment and mastery, which in turn may raise an individuals overall outlook (Rice). By assembling the results from fifty-one different studies, JC Spence found that a small but notable increase in self-esteem was linked to the lowering of depression (Artal). In addition to the increase in self-esteem, exercise can also provide a more positive perspective on life. By exercising in group settings the person is placed in an area where it is more likely that he/she will interact with others. The interaction can offer a positive therapeutic affect for those who are so depressed that they choose not to even get out of bed. It seems that the majority of studies dealing with the psychological affects of exercise all conclude that exercise does have a positive affect on depression. Take for instance the experiment done by Martinse...

Huntingtons Disease

Huntingtons Disease Free Online Research Papers After examining the effects of the disorder, it is easy to understand what a disease like Huntington’s will to do to an individual’s quality of life. Imagine being 30 years old with a good job, a loving spouse, maybe a couple of kids and an all around pretty good life. Then imagine one day your boss writes you up and sends you home because he/she suspects you of being intoxicated. A person in this situation could, in months and years to come, learn from a simple blood test that he/she is the victim of a genetic disorder called Huntington’s Disease. The ramifications of this illness are endless and affect not only the individual with the disorder but entire families and communities as well. At this time there is no cure or even any significantly effective treatment (Society 2006). However, as with many genetic disorders, research is being done in this day in age that may promise to one day lead us to such treatment or cure. Huntington’s Disease (hereafter called HD) is a degenerative brain disorder that was named in 1872 after Dr. George Huntington who first illustrated its effects. It is estimated that  ¼ million people either have the disease or will develop it in their lifetime. In other words, 1 in 10,000 people will be afflicted. It has been documented to affect as many people worldwide as Hemophilia, Cystic Fibrosis or Muscular Dystrophy (Society 2006). The HD gene is inherited in an autosomal dominant fashion which means that any person who receives the mutated gene will eventually have the disorder. This also means that males and females have an equal chance of inheriting the gene. Also, the gene does not stop at any racial or ethnic boundaries so people are at risk worldwide. The short arm of human chromosome #4 is where the HD gene has been mapped to. It was located in 1993 and offers a definitive test to determine if someone is at risk. The actual mutation is a trinucleotide repeat o f CAG (Cytosine, Adenine, Guanine). The greater the number of repeats, the more severe the disease. In a normal person, there are 35 or fewer CAG repeats. People with 36-39 may or may not be afflicted. Those with 40 or more repeats will almost certainly develop HD (Society 2006). Because HD is a degenerative disease, the effects show up gradually within a person’s phenotype. Since many areas of the brain can be affected, the early symptoms can vary from person to person, and they range from cognitive to motor function to emotional difficulties. Family members or friends may first notice an affected individual exhibiting depression, mood swings, forgetfulness, clumsiness, involuntary twitching and social withdrawal. As the disease progresses, one might lose his capacity to concentrate and remember things in the short term. Extreme irritability, loss of organization, slurred speech and problems with swallowing and walking are also severe symptoms of HD. Eventually, a person with the disease will need constant care (Society 2006). The age of onset is pretty standard for HD. Most individuals first exhibit signs between 30 and 45 years of age. Generally people live 10 to 25 years after learning they are affected. Because of the effects of HD, most people don’t die specifically from the disease but rather from choking, pneumonia or heart failure once they are severely incapacitated. Since there is not yet any form of treatment, early diagnosis would not make a difference for those with HD. In fact, some people who know they may be at risk elect not to be tested (Society 2006). Although the outlook for people today with HD may look grim, significant research into treatments is underway. Some modes of therapy available today are botox injections used to calm involuntary twitching in facial muscles as well as occupational and physical therapy to offset motor function problems and speech therapy for those who find it hard to communicate (Society 2006). As far as pending research is concerned, the Huntington’s disease Society of America (HDSA) is one of the leading groups who are pioneering new ways to look at the genomic and molecular levels of HD. Some areas of their research include examination of: 1) the energy needed in the cell mitochondria of HD patients, 2) the folding of the huntingtin protein (the protein expressed by the area of chromosome 4 linked to the disease) and how it makes the cell unable to dispose of the mutated strain, and 3) the way huntingtin works in normal people versus the affected with the mutated huntingtin protein (Society 2 006). A fairly recent and exciting discovery of doctors associated with HDSA suggests a correlation between degenerative diseases like Huntington’s and cancer. Although they might seem very different at first glance because cancer is characterized by cells that divide too rapidly while HD causes neurons (which aren’t designed to divide) to die, new research shows that the same signal that causes these cancer cells to divide may make brain cells degrade (Marker 2005). Yet another possible similarity between cancer and HD involves p53, a tumor suppressor that is created by the body which regulates cell division. In a person with cancer, this tumor suppressor is mutated and allows cells to divide uncontrollably. Some scientists believe that the mutated huntingtin protein could actually over activate p53 and cause brain cells in affected people to slowly die (Marker 2005). The last piece of research to be discussed here are the recent findings of Dr. Robert Friedlander. He found that a certain enzyme created in the body called caspase-1 which kills off mutated cells in a normal human being may be over activated in HD patients causing the enzyme to kill healthy brain cells (Association 2006). Dr. Friedlander found that he could diminish the function of caspase-1with an antibiotic called Minocycline, and in turn he could delay the onset and the progression of the effects of HD in mice (Chen 2000). As one can see, Huntington’s is a truly debilitating and emotionally straining disease. It affects people across the globe in every portion of their daily life. Not unlike many diseases today such as Parkinson’s, afflicted people become 100% dependent on loved ones or medical professionals for activities of daily living once they have progressed to the final stages of HD. We can only hope that some of the research outlined in this paper, or possibly scientific breakthroughs to come, might one day lead to successful treatment. Research Papers on Huntington's DiseaseGenetic EngineeringThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsCapital PunishmentThree Concepts of PsychodynamicMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever ProductIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalPersonal Experience with Teen PregnancyAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeEffects of Television Violence on Children19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided Era

Lies My Teacher Told Me Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Lies My Teacher Told Me - Assignment Example The true celebration was not for founding America, but from massacring natives.The first impact was the plague. Diseases from European animals like cowpox becoming smallpox, chickenpox, and other diseases. This created a plague that killed the Anishinaabe. The second impact was the taking of land. Land and resources once available became unavailable due to the settlers fences, armies, and settlements. Finally, another impact was the loss of life and freedom. Natives were enslaved or massacred. The Wampanoag people allied with the pilgrims due to the weakening of the tribe due to the plaque. After losing so many tribe members, the Wampanoag leader wanted to have help from other native tribes. He was especially concerned about the Narragansetts in the west. However, the Wampanoag tribe was decimated by a fresh outbreak of smallpox. By the time the tribe recovered a little bit, the settlers had taken over the land and villages once inhabited by the natives. The main difference between the natives and European worldviews was regarding nature. The Europeans believed territories and lands were made to conquer. Europeans did not just believe the land was to conquer but to be exploited as well. Gold, timber, sugar, crops, and other things could be mined from the new land. The natives believed that they did not own the land. They took what was needed, but left the rest. Europeans wanted dominance over nature. That was what man was put on Earth for. The natives did not want dominance, but peace with nature. This was the main difference between the two peoples.

Nursing research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 51

Nursing research - Essay Example In line with this, patients were given the opportunity to participate in their provision of care, which improved communication between members of staff, and between members of staff and their patients. In order to achieve a successful implementation of this change, it was essential to ensure that the hospital used principles of planned change to improve the chances of this planned change’s success. In line with this, the hospital relied on the principles of monitoring and reinforcement of planned change in order to ensure that the planned change was successful. In support of the importance of these two principles of planned change, Keele noted, â€Å"Continued monitoring and reinforcement of the practice change is important for sustainability† (237). Through implementing a process whereby the unit nurses supervised the handing over process in their units, the hospital ensured that there was an efficient way of monitoring the planned change. On the other hand, it is important to point out that the hospital held weekly meetings whereby nurses’ behavior regarding handing-over was reinforced with nurses discussing the challenges they faced while playing their

Organisations and Behaviour Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words - 2

Organisations and Behaviour - Essay Example The organisational culture plays a very important role in the business and if the culture of an organisation is strong, then the businesses will be faced with a support to face the periods of low business performance. The cultures of an organisation help the business in the overall performance and also permit the organisation to learn from its mistakes and to overcome the challenges. The structure on the other hand refers to the structure of the management and the various levels of management that are present within the organization. Together both these play a very important role in the overall performance of the company and also provide a wide range of impact on the overall business performance. There are a number of factors that affect the individual behaviour at work and these include the MARS Model. Here in this model four interrelated elements have been described as the main cause that affects the employee performance. These include, motivation, Ability, Role Perception and Situational Factors (US Army Handbook, 1973). As explained by Bourassa, 2010, ‘These factors are highly interrelated; for example, a data analyst is skilled in running reports (ability), self taught on how to use the latest tools to extrapolate data (motivation), and understands how this information will help management make decisions (role perception), but does not have the required access to the data files (situational factors). Unless all of the elements of the MARS model are satisfied, employee behaviour and performance will be negatively impacted’ (Bourassa, 2010). Apart from these factors, there are also a number of other factors that impact the employee behaviour at work and these include the leadership styles used within the company and the overall working conditions of the company (Beer, et.al., 1985). a) Michigan Model of

Human Behavior in Organization Essay Example for Free

Human Behavior in Organization Essay Human behavior in an organization determines the quality of work, progress and success of the organization. No machine and no computer can work by itself. No product is developed and manufactured by itself. Its the workforce or rather the human resources of an organization who develop ideas, create new products and services and then deliver them to the markets. Thus, it is important for the management of an organization to analyze the behavior of its entire work force. Human performance consulting is in vogue today, thanks to the greater emphasis on he psychology of the people behind the desk. Every organization differs from the other with respect to its policies, work environment, recruitment process, Job evaluation and culture. The most natural human tendency is to react positively and with great intensity where they are compensated well, encouraged well and get additional perks and holidays. In no way is it being suggested that an organization should overpay its staff. However, it must be kept in mind that the organization must treat its work force with immense dignity and respect and provide sufficient compensation. Even make the cleaning staff in your organization feel special and encourage them to do their task in the best possible way! The work force must be treated as an asset, not a liability, and once this is done you will notice remarkable change in the collective human behavior. Apart from the internal environment of the office, the external personal environment plays a major role in his/her behavior and attitude. We are social animals with unique aspirations, hopes, insecurities. Only those who enjoy their work can have a healthy balance between personal and professional life. Those who dont enjoy their work will most likely not be satisfied with the work nor be content in their personal life due to the imbalance that exists. One important way to analyze human behavior is to study the relationship effectiveness. How effectively your staff communicates and relates to each other can tell you how much they care for their work and the people around them. Without proper training the office dynamic can become imbalanced Just like any natural system. It is not likely for an accountant or a biologist to sit and study human behavior ffectively. You must have trained experts who understand the unique challenges the workplace brings. Not everybody is gifted with the skill to foresee a persons behavior beforehand. JM Perry, through his coaching packages, helps develop these skills inside organizations. You can have professionals attending one-on-one sessions or learning through live chats or audio-video CDs. After completing Perrys coaching you will be able to comprehend how to analyze human behavior and how to improve your behavior.

Representation of Client in Contract Law Case

Representation of Client in Contract Law Case THE INTRODUCTION Abstract from the question given, on the purpose to advice on Arnold, it is vital and crucial to find out whether or not a contract has been formed between the parties involved so the locus standi[1] of Arnold can be tracked. Hence, with the establishment of locus standi, Arnold may then can take action on issues he has encountered to the parties. It is simply indicating that, there must be a mutual agreement which is legally enforceable between parties involved. In another word, there must be an existence of consensus ad idem.[2] Whereby Lord Wilberforce a say on this issue in The Eurymedon as below:- [3] English law, having committed itself to a rather technical and schematic doctrine of contract, in application takes a practical approach, often at the cost of forcing the facts to fit uneasily into the marked slots of offer, acceptance, and consideration In summary, In order to claim remedies, a valid contract shall consist of offer, acceptance, and consideration whereby this ensu res and that gives locus standi to the claimant to carry out contractual action towards the defendant. The issue in this question would be seeking for an evaluation on whether the statement made is a term or representation. If it is a term, it may lead to breach of contract ; whereas, if it is representation, it is imperative to seek for remedies available for the claimant. Establish the Contractual Relationship with the claimant Therefore, it can be denoted that the claimant, Arnold must have prove his contractual relationship with the first defendant, William to uphold his claim on his misfortune incident since he considers the deal given by William a bad one. It is then submitted that, William can be categorised as an offeree whereby his enquiries is just merely an invitation to treat since he is just plainly making a request due to his needs. An invitation to treat, as per Treitel : When parties negotiate with a view to making a contract, many preliminary communication may pass between them before a definite offer is made[4] Based on the fact given, Arnold is indeed on the look out for a house in the newly built Kenwood Park and sought for Williams consultation who is a house broker. As a result, it is submitted that Arnold is making an Invitation to treat in lieu of an offer like what has been illustrated in the case of Gibson [5]. Whereas, on another hand, in the light of Storer v Manchester,[6] in acc ordance to offer as defined by Professor Treitel, William has expressly show his willingness by giving Arnold particulars of that house. [7] On the surface, contractual relationship thereby established. Determining the statement made is a term or representation Thus, It would be imperative to then applying Fletche LJs guideline as laid down in Heilbut Symons v Buckleton to find out possible contractual action.[8] It was held that a vague statement would amount to representation instead of a term. Whereby in Dimmock v Hallet that described the land as fertile and improvable is constitute to a representation. [9] Likewise, in this scenario, statement made by William that a hypermarket will be opened in about 3 months is said to be a representation. In a nutshell, the core issue in this scenario would be whether William as an representor has misrepresented the facts to Arnold, the representee which by any chance may give rise to liabilities and Arnold shall be advised on the ground of the probabilities for being granted for possible remedies. The onus to prove the offeror has misrepresented the facts It is advised that, in order to determine whether one has been misrepresented to the claimant, there are elements to prove an actionable misrepresentation. The representation made by the representor must be unambiguous false statement of fact which is addressed to the party misled and which includes that party to enter into a contract.[10] This also signifying that, there must be a false statement of existing fact or law, and it is addressed to the party misled which has materially induces the party to embark into a legally binding agreement. As such, if the statement made is held to be a mere puff, a party will not be blamed under contractual liabilities. Notwithstanding with that, If all the elements have been satisfied, misrepresentation then has successfully raised at the first glance and remedies is likely to be granted. Elements to be proved on each statement made Essentially, in order for a misrepresentation to be stand in this circumstance, the statement made must not be an opinion or mere puff. The defendant will therefore argue the statement made is merely an opinion; hence, the claim towards him will not be succeeded as laid down in Bisset v Wikinson.[11] Nevertheless, contrary with the mentioned point, In Smith v Land Home Property Co. Ltd ,[12] It can be rebutted that the statement is however an existing fact as per Bowen LJ :[13] The one who knows the fact best involves very often a statement of a material fact It is nonetheless may be argued that, Arnold should have check the facts instead of relying on it; hence, it is not at fault of the defendant. On another hand, William as the house broker should have better knowledge than any ordinary person as he possesses a special skill as held in Esso Petroleum Co. Ltd v Mardon.[14] In addition, as Lord Evershead MR has uttered in Brown v Raphael[15] , where such a person were in a better position than the other party to check the facts to back up his opinion, but did not do so, such person will be liable for misrepresentation.[16] From the fact, William has described the Kenwood Park as Gated and Guarded and it was the most desirable property within the vicinity that turned out to be untrue. William as a house broker hold a better position than Arnold to ensure his opinion is true. Furthermore, he should have known the fact that Heavenly Homes is more popular since it is a well-known fact as compared to the Kenwood Park. Besides, it is of common knowledge that, guards must be employed by the residence but not the developers. William is therefore made a statement of fact and by possessing a special knowledge failed to check even he is in better position to do so. It can be said prima facie that he has misrepresented a statement of fact. In contrast, William may also raise an argument that, in general, a statement of a future intention will not constitute as a stateme nt of fact therefore it is of no effect for him to be liable under misrepresentation on the grounds of Lord Wilberforce in British Airways Board v Taylors.[17] It would not be just and fair as it is impossible for one to foresee the future and it is unpredictable and that binds the claimant. Indeed, William has mentioned that a hypermarket will be opened in about 3 months within Kenwood Park which amount to a statement as to the future. However, William cannot walk away based on that ground as Arnold may argue that a statement as to the future, can implicitly contain a statement of fact. In the light of Spice Girls Ltd v Aprilia World Service BV , It is illustrated that if the maker of the statement did not genuinely hold the intention or belief at the time of making it, he will misrepresenting the fact.[18] As grasped from the fact, it is opined that William did not hold the intention indisputably by the time making the statement but he was said it with full faith by stating a spec ific timeframe that a Hypermarket will be opened in 3 months within Kenwood Park,. Hence, it is argued that the statement given are not merely an intention since at the time of contract, he believes himself is making an existing fact which at a higher possibility that the hypermarket will be built and well-established within 3 months. As held in Edgington v Fitzmaurice, the statement made by William howsoever it may be controversial to be an intentional statement; it still amounts to a statement of fact.[19] Even so, William may still argue that, in his understanding, he does not know that the Kenwood Park will not be Gated and Guarded in which is a half true statement, therefore, it can be argued that part he has misstate was silent apart. Action shall not be taken towards him as he says nothing about that since it was held in Fletcher v Krell that silence or non-disclosure of fact does not give rise to liability.[20] Hence, William may not be liable under misrepresentation at this juncture. Notwithstanding with the above issue, Arnold can demolish that argument by claiming there is a set of exceptional rules whereby a half-true statement is deemed to be a misrepresentation as laid down in Nottingham Patent Brick Tile Co. v Butler.[21] Moreover, it is submitted that, there is a fiduciary relationship between both of them in which it is held that the party has the duty to disclose all the necessary fact to ensure a fair transaction under the light of Tate v Williamson.[22] By juxtaposing the law and the fact, it is a crucial factor for William to ensure all the necessary facts has been told since it might affect the transaction. As a result, silence in this scenario does give rise to liability at the first glance. In accordance to the ratio of With v O Flanagan, it can also be argued that, whenever there is any occurrence of changes in the circumstances, the party should have check so the existing fact would not be false and misled the party.[23] On the fact, the plan for the hypermarket has been scrapped by the developers to make way for a man-made lake. Based on that, William was in fact, did not check and inform any changes to Arnold before signing the agreement. Also, another vital issue would be to prove whether or not has the statement of fact made by the representor has materially induced the represetee enter into the contract. As per Jessel MR has expressed in Mathias v Yetts: [24] if a man has a material misstatement made to him which way, form its nature, induce him to enter into the contract, it is an inference that he is induced to enter into contract by it. You need not prove it affirmatively. On the fact, The inducement has shown when Arnold actually became interested and gave 10% of the price of the house to William as a down payment after he listened to Williams statements where he described the property is gated and guarded, there will be a hypermarket opening in within 3 months and illustrated it as the most desirable property in the vicinity that is not wholly true. Attwood v Small.[25] Apart from that, William may, at this stage, argue that the statement made must be done directly by the representor to the representee in which the house owner is John whereas he is just merely an innocent third party. Hence, action could not be taken towards William. However, on the grounds of Conlon v Simms whereby it says, the statement made can also be done through an authorised agent.[26] Based on this sense, William as a house broker has acted on behalf of John to deal with William and the statement made by him has indeed misled Arnold to embark into a bad deal. Nonetheless, According to Smith v Chadwick, it is submitted that if the representee knows it is a representation statement, then, it shall not be taken action on misrepresentation.[27] However, it is argued that Arnold does not aware of the statements since he intends to discontinue with the agreement. Afterhe knows the facts told is not true. Henc e, it is prima facie that , in the light of Horsfall v Thomas, the claimant, Arnold can now take action towards William under misrepresentation as all the elements has been satisfied.[28] The next caveat would be to determine which type of misrepresentation can the claimant claim under and the possibility of Arnold to rescind the contract. Type of Misrepresentation It may be submitted that Arnold can claim for his rescission subject to the bars to rescission as he wishes to discontinue with the purchase. It is advised that, Arnold may seek for remedies under Fraudulent Misrepresentation or Negligent Misrepresentation which both has got different components to be proved and the burden of proof lies on the representee. First and foremost, in order to claim under Fraudulent Misrepresentation which is governed under the tort of deceit, it must be proven that the statement made knowingly, without belief in its truth, reckless whether it will be true or false as stated under Derry v Peek.[29] However, in this case, Fraudulent may not be successfully stand as William do not make the statement knowingly as the actual fact is, the plan for the hypermarket has been changed unbeknown to all parties by the developer. Therefore, the claim would unlikely to be successful under Fraudulent Misrepresentation as the standard of proof is rather high. The alternat ive way would be Negligent Misrepresentation under Negligent Misstatement in common law on the grounds of Hedley Bryne v Heller.[30] In order to claim under this type of Misrepresentation, it is needed to prove the existence of special relationship. On the fact, there is special relationship between them are on a dealing of Business. In addition, as laid down in William v Natural Life Health Food, special relationship can be tracked since he possesses special knowledge which in fact he is a house broker.[31] On the fact, it can be argued that, though William maybe believes all the statement made by him to be true, he has the duty to check. On this stage, it may be said that Arnold is at the higher chance to get rescission. William may claim that, there is one possible bar to rescission available which is the lapse of time as described in Leaf v International Galleries On the fact, Arnold has decided to take contractual action only on a week before signing the agreement which the lapse of time argument would not render rescission ineffective. Thus, rescission is still available where he can recover his paid down payment as well if he successfully claims under Negligent Misrepresentation. On another hand, Arnold may also take action against John as he is the owner of the house and do not disclose the defects of the property. On the fact, there have been a few cracks appearing in some parts of the house. However, it is said the representation is made between William and Arnold as a lawful authorised agent. Therefore, misrepresentation could not occur in this scenario. In a nutshell, Arnold as a representee is now at a higher to claim for remedies which are rescission and damages as William has made a false statement of existing fact and that materially induced and misled to Arnold to embark into the contract on the purchase of the property.